A physiologically constrained calibration framework for cardiovascular models applied to a paediatric synthetic sepsis population.

Embedded Feedback Controller (EFC) achieves <1% residual error in calibrating paediatric cardiovascular models across normal and septic shock phenotypes.

• Why it matters: Accurate calibration of cardiovascular models is hindered by unobservable physiological variables and multiple parameter sets fitting the same targets, limiting their clinical utility.
• What they did: The study developed and demonstrated EFC, a calibration framework promoting physiological parameters to dynamic states, applied to virtual paediatric populations with literature-derived targets.
• The result: EFC reliably converges to physiologically consistent solutions, identifies structural incompatibilities, and provides a scalable approach for virtual population and digital twin development in critical care.